Smart rings and watches: how accurate they are, what HRV and step data can tell you, and what they cannot.
Overall evidence: Moderate4 products · 13 key studiesReviewed October 7, 2026Researched with AI assistance · Not reviewed by a clinician · Our method
The verdict
What we know about smart rings, watches & hrv
Wearables measure some things well, like resting heart rate and steps, and estimate others, like sleep stages. A few features have been tested in large studies; many have not. This guide covers accuracy, what the numbers mean for health, regulatory issues and current ring prices.
Bottom line · Moderate
Smart rings and watches are dependable for the basics, resting heart rate and step counts, and step counts tie into strong evidence that moving more is linked to living longer. Atrial-fibrillation alerts have been tested in studies of more than 400,000 people and usually match AFib when they fire, but only about a third of alerted users showed AFib on a follow-up ECG patch, and alerts can lead to extra testing. Blood-oxygen, blood-pressure and calorie estimates are less dependable, and health notifications are prompts to see a clinician, not diagnoses.
Heart rate and HRV accuracy vs. ECGModerate
Optical heart-rate sensors are generally accurate at rest and during sleep. Error rises with movement (about 30% higher during activity than at rest in one study), while skin tone did not significantly affect heart-rate accuracy in that study. For overnight HRV, a 2025 ECG comparison found Oura closest, WHOOP moderate, and Garmin and Polar lower, but it included only 13 people.
Step counts and longevityStrong
Large meta-analyses link more daily steps to lower risk of death, with the benefit leveling off around 6,000–8,000 steps a day for adults 60 and older and 8,000–10,000 for younger adults; a 2025 analysis tied 7,000 steps a day to 47% lower mortality than 2,000. These are observational associations. Wearing a tracker itself appears to add roughly 1,800 steps a day.
In the Apple Heart Study (419,297 people), 0.52% received an irregular-pulse alert; 34% of those who returned an ECG patch had AFib on it, and 84% of alerts during patch wear coincided with AFib. The Fitbit Heart Study (455,699 people) found similar results. Neither study was designed to show whether alerts prevent strokes, and a clinic review found most alert-prompted evaluations produced no actionable diagnosis.
Blood oxygen (SpO2) and skin toneEarly
Wrist-based SpO2 is less accurate than fingertip oximeters and tended to read high during low-oxygen testing. Pulse oximeters in general may overestimate oxygen in people with darker skin (pooled bias about 1.1–1.5 percentage points), an issue FDA addressed in 2025 draft testing guidance.
Blood pressure estimatesEarly
Cuffless wearables roughly matched daytime averages from standard 24-hour monitors in a 2025 meta-analysis but showed significant errors at night. Apple's FDA-cleared hypertension notification identified 41.2% of people with hypertension in its validation study, and FDA's dispute with WHOOP over its blood-pressure feature ended in a 2026 close-out after the feature was modified.
Calories burnedWeak
A systematic review of 158 studies found that no wearable brand measured energy expenditure accurately, even though step counts and heart rate were generally good in lab settings.
Evidence
What the research shows
Moderate
Resting heart rate from major wearables is generally accurate; accuracy drops during exercise and varies by device.12Mostly lab-based testing of device models that are updated frequently.
Early
Agreement with ECG for overnight HRV differs meaningfully by brand, with Oura closest in a 2025 head-to-head study.3Only 13 participants (536 nights); rankings may change with new hardware and firmware.
Strong
More daily steps are linked to lower mortality, with benefits leveling off at roughly 6,000–10,000 steps a day depending on age.45Observational data; healthier people may walk more, so some of the association may reflect confounding.
Moderate
Wearing an activity tracker modestly increases physical activity (about 1,800 more steps a day).6Effects on blood pressure, cholesterol and HbA1c were typically small and often non-significant.
Moderate
Smartwatch AFib alerts usually match AFib when they fire during ECG monitoring, but only about a third of alerted users showed AFib on a later ECG patch.78Both studies were funded by the device makers, many notified participants never completed patch monitoring, and neither measured strokes prevented.
Early
Evaluations prompted by smartwatch pulse alerts often lead to tests without an actionable diagnosis.9Single health-system retrospective review of 264 patients.
Early
Smartwatch SpO2 readings are less accurate than fingertip oximeters and may overestimate oxygen when it is low.1011Small studies; accuracy differed substantially between watch brands.
Moderate
Pulse oximeters may overestimate oxygen saturation in people with darker skin.12Evidence comes mainly from clinical oximeters in hospitals; a small smartwatch study did not find significant accuracy differences by skin tone.
Early
Cuffless wearable blood-pressure estimates are not yet reliable at night.13Devices and technologies varied widely; subgroup findings were exploratory.
Moderate
Calorie-burn estimates from wearables are unreliable.2Review covers studies through May 2019; newer devices may differ.
Key studies
The studies behind the ratings
Summaries are our own, from each study's published abstract. Follow the links for the full details.
Prospective, siteless pragmatic study (Apple Heart Study) · 2019
Large-Scale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation
Who:
419,297 US adults without self-reported atrial fibrillation; median 117 days of monitoring
What:
Apple Watch irregular-pulse notification algorithm, followed by telemedicine visit and up to 7 days of ECG patch monitoring
Found:
0.52% received an irregular-pulse notification. Of 450 who returned analyzable ECG patches (applied about 13 days later), 34% had atrial fibrillation; alerts occurring during patch wear coincided with AF 84% of the time (positive predictive value 0.84). 57% of notified participants who answered a 90-day survey contacted a health care provider outside the study.
Limits:
Funded by Apple; most notified participants did not return an analyzable patch; no data on clinical outcomes such as stroke.
Prospective remote clinical study (Fitbit Heart Study) · 2022
Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in a Large Population Using Wearable Devices: The Fitbit Heart Study
Who:
455,699 US adults aged 22+ without known atrial fibrillation (median age 47; 71% female)
What:
Fitbit photoplethysmography-based irregular heart rhythm detection, followed by telehealth visit and a 1-week ECG patch
Found:
1% of participants (4% of those 65+) received a detection. Of 1,057 with an analyzable patch, 32.2% had AF; when a detection occurred during patch wear, 221 of 225 had concurrent AF (positive predictive value 98.2%).
Limits:
Funded by Fitbit; fewer than a quarter of notified participants had analyzable patch data; no outcome data.
Clinical evaluation and diagnostic yield following evaluation of abnormal pulse detected using Apple Watch
Who:
264 patients evaluated for an abnormal pulse detected by Apple Watch over 4 months
What:
Clinical evaluation after Apple Watch abnormal pulse detection
Found:
Only 41 records (15.5%) documented an explicit alert and 22.0% had pre-existing AF; testing commonly included Holter monitoring (29.2%) and chest x-rays (24.2%). A clinically actionable cardiovascular diagnosis was made in 30 patients (11.4%), including 6 of 41 (15%) with an explicit alert.
Limits:
Single center; retrospective; alert details often missing from records.
Meta-analysis of participant-level data from 15 cohorts · 2022
Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts
Who:
47,471 adults; 3,013 deaths over a median 7.1 years
What:
Device-measured steps per day and stepping rate
Found:
Compared with the lowest quartile (median 3,553 steps/day), mortality hazard ratios were 0.60, 0.55 and 0.47 for quartiles with medians of 5,801, 7,842 and 10,901 steps. Risk declined until about 6,000–8,000 steps/day in adults 60+ and 8,000–10,000 steps/day in younger adults; stepping-rate results were mixed after accounting for total steps.
Limits:
Observational; residual confounding and reverse causation possible; 8 of 15 cohorts unpublished.
Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies · 2025
Daily steps and health outcomes in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
Who:
57 studies from 35 cohorts (31 studies in meta-analyses)
What:
Device-measured daily steps
Found:
Compared with 2,000 steps/day, 7,000 steps/day was associated with 47% lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.53), 25% lower cardiovascular disease incidence, 38% lower dementia risk, 22% lower risk of depressive symptoms and 28% lower risk of falls; for mortality, CVD, dementia and falls the curve flattened around 5,000–7,000 steps/day.
Limits:
Observational; few studies for many outcomes; certainty moderate for most outcomes and low or very low for some.
Umbrella review of 39 systematic reviews and meta-analyses · 2022
Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Who:
163,992 participants of all ages, healthy and clinical
What:
Interventions using wearable activity trackers
Found:
Trackers increased physical activity (SMD 0.3–0.6), equating to about 1,800 extra steps/day and 40 more minutes of walking/day, plus about 1 kg weight loss; effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, HbA1c, quality of life and pain were typically small and often non-significant.
Limits:
Depends on the quality of the underlying reviews and trials, which varied.
Validation study of optical heart-rate sensors vs. ECG · 2020
Investigating sources of inaccuracy in wearable optical heart rate sensors
Who:
Adults spanning the full range of skin tones, tested at rest and during activity
What:
Consumer- and research-grade wrist wearables
Found:
No statistically significant difference in heart-rate accuracy across skin tones; accuracy differed between devices and activity types, with absolute error during activity on average 30% higher than at rest.
Limits:
Laboratory protocol; device models have since been updated.
Step, heart-rate and energy-expenditure measurements
Found:
In lab settings Fitbit, Apple Watch and Samsung measured steps accurately; heart rate was more variable, with Apple Watch and Garmin most accurate and Fitbit tending to underestimate; no brand measured energy expenditure accurately.
Limits:
Literature through May 2019; devices change rapidly; mostly lab-based studies. One author was employed by Garmin during publication, after the review was completed.
The accuracy of pulse oximetry in measuring oxygen saturation by levels of skin pigmentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Who:
32 studies, 6,505 participants
What:
Pulse oximetry (SpO2) vs. arterial blood oxygen (SaO2) by skin pigmentation or ethnicity
Found:
Pulse oximetry probably overestimates oxygen saturation in people with high skin pigmentation (pooled bias 1.11 percentage points) and those described as Black/African American (1.52 points); imprecision was large, though accuracy root-mean-square stayed under 4% in all subgroups.
Limits:
Mostly clinical oximeters in hospital settings; extent in community and wearable use is unknown.
Validation study vs. clinical-grade pulse oximeter · 2023
Investigating the accuracy of blood oxygen saturation measurements in common consumer smartwatches
Who:
49 adults aged 18–85 with and without chronic lung disease
What:
Consumer smartwatch SpO2, including Apple Watch Series 7, Garmin Venu 2s and Withings ScanWatch
Found:
Apple Watch Series 7 was closest to the reference (mean absolute error 2.2 points) and Garmin Venu 2s farthest (5.8 points). Successful measurements ranged from 88.9% of attempts (Apple) to 69.5% (Withings). Error and missing readings did not differ significantly by Fitzpatrick skin tone, though directional bias may have.
Limits:
Small sample; reference was a fingertip pulse oximeter rather than arterial blood.
Apple Watch Series 7 and a clinical-grade fingertip oximeter (Masimo MightySat Rx) vs. arterial blood gas
Found:
Both devices tended to overestimate oxygen saturation; readings were within 2 points of arterial values 49.03% of the time for the fingertip oximeter vs. 32.14% for the watch. Below 88% saturation, accuracy (Arms) was 3.52% for the oximeter and 5.82% for the watch, both above the FDA threshold.
Limits:
Small sample with limited diversity in skin tone and age.
Comparing the accuracy of continuous blood pressure monitoring using wearable cuffless devices with conventional 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Who:
Studies published October 2019 to September 2024 comparing wearable cuffless devices with 24-hour ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring
What:
Continuous cuffless blood-pressure wearables
Found:
Daytime averages were comparable (systolic mean difference −0.99 mmHg; diastolic 0.70 mmHg), but nighttime readings differed significantly (systolic 4.48 mmHg; diastolic 5.64 mmHg), and 24-hour diastolic pressure also differed (2.10 mmHg).
Limits:
Heterogeneous devices and technologies; subgroup analyses exploratory.
Health notifications (irregular rhythm, hypertension, sleep apnea) are screening aids. FDA-cleared labeling states they do not replace traditional diagnosis, and the absence of a notification does not mean the condition is absent.71415
Watch and ring SpO2 readings should not guide medical decisions; they can overestimate oxygen at low levels, and pulse oximetry may be less accurate in people with darker skin.111216
Wellness blood-pressure estimates are not a substitute for a validated cuff. FDA has warned that an erroneously low or high blood-pressure reading can have significant consequences, such as false reassurance for someone with hypertension.1317
Alert-driven checkups can snowball into extra tests: at one health system, only 11.4% of patients evaluated after Apple Watch pulse findings received a clinically actionable diagnosis.9
This is general information, not medical advice. If you have a heart condition, are pregnant, take medication or have any health concern, ask a clinician first.
Buying guide
Specs that actually matter
Which health features are FDA-cleared or authorized, and for what use
Cleared features (such as irregular-rhythm, hypertension or sleep apnea notifications) were reviewed for a specific intended use; wellness metrics generally were not.18
Independent validation of overnight heart rate and HRV against ECG
Agreement with ECG varied considerably between brands in a 2025 head-to-head comparison.3
Heart-rate accuracy during exercise
Optical sensors are most accurate at rest; in one study error was about 30% higher during activity.1
Calorie (energy expenditure) estimates
No brand measured energy expenditure accurately in a large systematic review, so calorie burn should be treated as a rough estimate.2
Blood-oxygen (SpO2) feature
Wrist SpO2 was less accurate than a fingertip oximeter and tended to read high when oxygen was low.11
Subscription fees and data export
Several ring and band makers sell memberships; it is worth checking which features work without one and whether your data can be exported.
Ring sizing and fit
Optical readings depend on steady skin contact; ring makers typically offer sizing kits before purchase.
US availability and patent status (smart rings)
ITC orders in Oura's patent case have affected which rings can be imported and sold in the US, and a second investigation is underway.19
Compare prices
Smart rings, watches & HRV: current prices
How we make money: some shop links are affiliate links, so ThriveRadar may earn a commission if you buy, at no extra cost to you. It never changes our evidence ratings. Prices are checked daily, not live; confirm the final price at the shop. Learn more.
Long-form interviews and explainers from researchers and clinicians. Their views are their own; check claims against the studies above.
305 ‒ Heart rate variability: measure, interpret, & utilize HRV for training and health optimization
Peter Attia MD
Conditioning coach Joel Jamieson (who developed the Morpheus HRV system) explains what heart rate variability measures, how devices capture it, and how to read HRV trends for training and health decisions.
Enhance Your Physical & Mental Resilience (HRV, Respiratory Rate, RHR)
Andy Galpin
Andy Galpin explains how to interpret HRV, respiratory rate and resting heart rate from your own data and which interventions, from free to clinical-grade, can shift autonomic balance.
#110 - The Science Behind Wearable Sleep Monitoring
Sleep Diplomat (Matt Walker)
Matt Walker explains how sleep trackers estimate sleep from motion and optical sensors, why they tend to overestimate sleep, and what validation studies show for Oura, Apple Watch and Whoop.
Why I’m Obsessed with Health Wearables (and You Should Be Too) | Michael Snyder | TED
TED
Stanford geneticist Michael Snyder argues that smartwatches and glucose monitors can make medicine predictive, citing examples such as flagging illness before symptoms appear.
Dr. Michael Snyder on Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Deep Profiling for Personalized Medicine
FoundMyFitness
Stanford's Michael Snyder discusses 'deep profiling' with consumer wearables, continuous glucose monitoring and other data streams to catch health changes early and personalize care.
A Stanford clinical pharmacist explains how continuous glucose monitors work, how to improve accuracy and handle costs, and how new over-the-counter biosensors compare with prescription CGMs.
A user's guide to sleep trackers: how motion and optical sensors estimate sleep, why devices overestimate it, what validation studies show for Oura, Apple Watch and Whoop, and the risk of "orthosomnia".
Matt Walker and Eti Ben Simon discuss how accurate consumer sleep trackers are on a single night versus over weeks, and why many people wake around 3 a.m.
Andy Galpin shows how to investigate and interpret HRV, respiratory rate and resting heart rate data, and which interventions can improve autonomic resilience.
Latest research
New studies and news
Collected automatically from PubMed, safety recalls and science news. Not yet reviewed by us; inclusion is not an endorsement.
Which is most accurate for HRV: Oura, WHOOP, Garmin or Polar?
In a 2025 study comparing devices with ECG over 536 nights in 13 adults, Oura Gen 3 and Gen 4 agreed most closely for overnight resting heart rate and HRV, WHOOP showed moderate agreement, and Garmin and Polar agreed less well. The sample was small and firmware changes, so treat the ranking as provisional.3
Do I really need 10,000 steps a day?
Not necessarily. In a pooled analysis of 15 cohorts, lower mortality risk leveled off around 6,000–8,000 steps a day for adults 60 and older and 8,000–10,000 for younger adults, and a 2025 meta-analysis linked 7,000 steps a day to 47% lower mortality than 2,000. These are associations from observational studies.45
My watch said I might have AFib. How likely is that to be real?
In the Apple Heart Study, 34% of people who got an irregular-pulse alert and returned an ECG patch had AFib on the patch, and alerts that fired while the patch was worn matched AFib 84% of the time. The Fitbit Heart Study found similar results. An alert is a reason to talk to a clinician, not a diagnosis.78
Can I trust my watch's blood-oxygen reading?
Only as a rough guide. One study found the Apple Watch Series 7 averaged 2.2 points off a fingertip oximeter and the Garmin Venu 2s 5.8 points, and in controlled low-oxygen testing the watch tended to read high. Pulse oximeters in general may also overestimate oxygen in people with darker skin.101112
What happened between WHOOP and the FDA?
In July 2025, FDA sent WHOOP a warning letter saying its Blood Pressure Insights feature was an uncleared medical device. After FDA revised its General Wellness guidance in January 2026 and WHOOP modified the feature, FDA issued a June 2026 close-out letter saying it does not intend to enforce device requirements for the modified feature.171820
Can I still buy an Ultrahuman or RingConn ring in the US?
In August 2025, the ITC found that Ultrahuman and RingConn rings infringed an Oura patent and issued import and sales orders. RingConn settled and was removed from the orders in December 2025, and in March 2026 US Customs ruled that Ultrahuman's redesigned Ring Pro is not covered by the exclusion order, subject to certification conditions. Availability can change, so current retailer listings are the best check.192122
Are smartwatch calorie counts accurate?
Not very. A systematic review of 158 studies found that no brand measured energy expenditure accurately, even though step counts and heart rate were generally good in lab settings.2
Can a wearable check my blood pressure?
Not the way a cuff does. Apple's FDA-cleared hypertension notification looks for patterns over 30 days and identified 41.2% of people with hypertension in its validation study, so no alert does not mean normal blood pressure. Cuffless wearables have matched daytime averages in some studies but showed significant errors at night.1314
Sources
References
On July 14, 2025, FDA issued a warning letter to WHOOP, Inc. stating that its Blood Pressure Insights feature, which provides daily systolic and diastolic estimates, is a medical device marketed without clearance or approval. FDA said disclaimers were insufficient because blood-pressure estimation is inherently associated with diagnosing hypertension. 17
On June 17, 2026, FDA closed out the WHOOP matter, stating it does not intend to enforce device requirements for Blood Pressure Insights as modified, under its revised General Wellness guidance. FDA said the letter is specific to the modified feature and not to any other product or modification. 20
FDA's General Wellness guidance (revised January 6, 2026) says products using non-invasive sensing to estimate values such as blood pressure, oxygen saturation, blood glucose or HRV may be general wellness products if intended solely for wellness, free of disease claims and clinical alerts, and validated before showing clinical-style values. Products intended for screening, diagnosis, monitoring or alerting for disease remain medical devices. 18
FDA granted Apple's Irregular Rhythm Notification Feature a De Novo authorization (DEN180042) on September 11, 2018, as photoplethysmograph analysis software for over-the-counter use. 23
FDA cleared Apple's Hypertension Notification Feature (510(k) K250507) on September 11, 2025, for adults 22+ without a hypertension diagnosis and not pregnant. It is not intended to diagnose or monitor treatment, and no notification does not mean no hypertension. In its 30-day validation study (2,229 enrolled), sensitivity was 41.2% (53.7% for stage 2) and specificity 92.3%. 14
FDA states that pulse oximeters have limitations and that accuracy can be affected by factors including skin pigmentation; it issued draft guidance on January 7, 2025 to improve how pulse oximeters for medical purposes are tested and labeled. 16
In Investigation 337-TA-1398, the U.S. International Trade Commission found on August 21, 2025 that Ultrahuman and RingConn smart rings infringed claims 1, 2 and 12–14 of Oura's U.S. Patent 11,868,178, issuing a limited exclusion order and cease-and-desist orders (no bond during the presidential review period). 19
In December 2025, the ITC modified the exclusion order to remove RingConn and rescinded its cease-and-desist orders, based on a patent license and settlement agreement between Oura and RingConn. 21
On March 6, 2026, U.S. Customs and Border Protection ruled (H354023) that Ultrahuman's redesigned Ring Pro is not subject to the ITC exclusion order, with entry conditioned on certification terms; the ruling notes that ITC determinations in related proceedings would take precedence over it. 22
In December 2025, the ITC instituted a new investigation (337-TA-1468) based on Oura's complaint alleging smart-ring patent infringement by Samsung, several Reebok-related companies, Zepp Health-related companies and Nexxbase (Noise). These are allegations; no violation had been found in the notice. 24
Investigating sources of inaccuracy in wearable optical heart rate sensors. NPJ Digit Med 2020.PubMed 32047863
Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available Wearable Devices for Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020.PubMed 32897239
Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables. Physiol Rep 2025.PubMed 40834291
Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts. Lancet Public Health 2022.PubMed 35247352
Daily steps and health outcomes in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2025.PubMed 40713949
Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Lancet Digit Health 2022.PubMed 35868813
Large-Scale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2019.PubMed 31722151
Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in a Large Population Using Wearable Devices: The Fitbit Heart Study. Circulation 2022.PubMed 36148649
Clinical evaluation and diagnostic yield following evaluation of abnormal pulse detected using Apple Watch. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020.PubMed 32979046
Investigating the accuracy of blood oxygen saturation measurements in common consumer smartwatches. PLOS Digit Health 2023.PubMed 37437005
Performance of Wearable Pulse Oximetry During Controlled Hypoxia Induction: Instrument Validation Study. JMIR Form Res 2026.PubMed 41894520
The accuracy of pulse oximetry in measuring oxygen saturation by levels of skin pigmentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2022.PubMed 35971142
Comparing the accuracy of continuous blood pressure monitoring using wearable cuffless devices with conventional 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Cardiol 2025.PubMed 41321467
FDA cleared Apple's Hypertension Notification Feature (510(k) K250507) on September 11, 2025, for adults 22+ without a hypertension diagnosis and not pregnant. accessdata.fda.gov
FDA states that pulse oximeters have limitations and that accuracy can be affected by factors including skin pigmentation; it issued draft guidance on January 7, 2025 to improve how pulse oximeters for medical purposes are tested and labeled. fda.gov
On July 14, 2025, FDA issued a warning letter to WHOOP, Inc. fda.gov
FDA's General Wellness guidance (revised January 6, 2026) says products using non-invasive sensing to estimate values such as blood pressure, oxygen saturation, blood glucose or HRV may be general wellness products if intended solely for wellness, free of disease claims and clinical alerts, and validated before showing clinical-style values. fda.gov
In Investigation 337-TA-1398, the U.S. govinfo.gov
On June 17, 2026, FDA closed out the WHOOP matter, stating it does not intend to enforce device requirements for Blood Pressure Insights as modified, under its revised General Wellness guidance. fda.gov
In December 2025, the ITC modified the exclusion order to remove RingConn and rescinded its cease-and-desist orders, based on a patent license and settlement agreement between Oura and RingConn. govinfo.gov
FDA granted Apple's Irregular Rhythm Notification Feature a De Novo authorization (DEN180042) on September 11, 2018, as photoplethysmograph analysis software for over-the-counter use. accessdata.fda.gov
In December 2025, the ITC instituted a new investigation (337-TA-1468) based on Oura's complaint alleging smart-ring patent infringement by Samsung, several Reebok-related companies, Zepp Health-related companies and Nexxbase (Noise). govinfo.gov
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